skip to main content
10.1145/3442381.3450131acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageswwwConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

War of Words II: Enriched Models of Law-Making Processes

Authors Info & Claims
Published:03 June 2021Publication History

ABSTRACT

The European Union law-making process is an instance of a peer-production system. We mine a rich dataset of law edits and introduce models predicting their adoption by parliamentary committees. Edits are proposed by parliamentarians, and they can be in conflict with edits of other parliamentarians and with the original proposition in the law. Our models combine three different categories of features: (a) Explicit features extracted from data related to the edits, the parliamentarians, and the laws, (b) latent features that capture bi-linear interactions between parliamentarians and laws, and (c) text features of the edits. We show experimentally that this combination enables us to accurately predict the success of the edits. Furthermore, it leads to model parameters that are interpretable, hence provides valuable insight into the law-making process.

References

  1. B. Thomas Adler and Luca de Alfaro. 2007. A Content-Driven Reputation System for the Wikipedia. In Proceedings of WWW’07. Banff, AB, Canada.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  2. Inger Baller. 2017. Specialists, party members, or national representatives: Patterns in co-sponsorship of amendments in the European Parliament. European Union Politics 18, 3 (2017), 469–490.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  3. Ralph Allan Bradley and Milton E. Terry. 1952. Rank Analysis of Incomplete Block Designs: I. The Method of Paired Comparisons. Biometrika 39, 3/4 (1952), 324–345.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  4. Richard H Byrd, Peihuang Lu, Jorge Nocedal, and Ciyou Zhu. 1995. A limited memory algorithm for bound constrained optimization. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 16, 5 (1995), 1190–1208.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  5. Ilias Chalkidis and Dimitrios Kampas. 2019. Deep learning in law: early adaptation and legal word embeddings trained on large corpora. Artificial Intelligence and Law 27, 2 (2019), 171–198.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  6. Emanuel Emil Coman. 2009. Reassessing the influence of party groups on individual members of the European Parliament. West European Politics 32, 6 (2009), 1099–1117.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  7. Rory Costello and Robert Thomson. 2010. The policy impact of leadership in committees: Rapporteurs’ influence on the European Parliament’s opinions. European Union Politics 11, 2 (2010), 219–240.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  8. Gregory Druck, Gerome Miklau, and Andrew McCallum. 2008. Learning to Predict the Quality of Contributions to Wikipedia. In Proceedings of WikiAI 2008. Chicago, IL, USA.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  9. John Duchi, Elad Hazan, and Yoram Singer. 2011. Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization. Journal of Machine Learning Research 12, Jul (2011), 2121–2159.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  10. Google. 2013. word2vec. https://code.google.com/archive/p/word2vec/ Accessed: 2020-10-19.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  11. Swiss Government. 2021. Swiss Open Government Data. https://opendata.swiss/en/ Accessed: 2021-02-14.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  12. Kelvin Guu, Tatsunori B Hashimoto, Yonatan Oren, and Percy Liang. 2018. Generating sentences by editing prototypes. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 6 (2018), 437–450.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  13. Simon Hix. 2002. Parliamentary behavior with two principals: preferences, parties, and voting in the European Parliament. American Journal of Political Science(2002), 688–698.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  14. President Barack Obama’s White House. 2018. Open Government Initiative. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/open Accessed: 2020-10-19.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  15. Yujuan Jiang, Bram Adams, and Daniel M. German. 2013. Will My Patch Make It? And How Fast? Case Study on the Linux Kernel. In Proceedings of MSR 2013. San Francisco, CA, USA.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  16. Thorsten Joachims. 1998. Text categorization with support vector machines: Learning with many relevant features. In European conference on machine learning. Springer, 137–142.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  17. Armand Joulin, Édouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, and Tomáš Mikolov. 2017. Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification. In Proceedings of ACL 2017.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  18. Yehuda Koren, Robert Bell, and Chris Volinsky. 2009. Matrix Factorization Techniques for Recommender Systems. Computer 42, 8 (2009), 30–37.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  19. Amie Kreppel. 1999. What affects the European Parliament’s legislative influence? An analysis of the success of EP amendments. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 37, 3 (1999), 521–537.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  20. Amie Kreppel. 2002. Moving beyond procedure: an empirical analysis of European Parliament legislative influence. Comparative Political Studies 35, 7 (2002), 784–813.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  21. Victor Kristof, Matthias Grossglauser, and Patrick Thiran. 2020. War of Words: The Competitive Dynamics of Legislative Processes. In Proceedings of The Web Conference 2020 (Taipei, Taiwan) (WWW ’20). 2803–2809.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  22. Zoe Lefkofridi and Alexia Katsanidou. 2014. Multilevel representation in the European Parliament. European Union Politics 15, 1 (2014), 108–131.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  23. Laurens van der Maaten and Geoffrey Hinton. 2008. Visualizing data using t-SNE. Journal of machine learning research 9, Nov (2008), 2579–2605.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  24. Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg S Corrado, and Jeff Dean. 2013. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26. Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  25. Monika Mühlböck. 2012. National versus European: Party control over members of the European Parliament. West European Politics 35, 3 (2012), 607–631.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  26. European Parliament. 2021. Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament - Rule 180. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RULES-9-2019-07-02-RULE-180_EN.html Accessed: 2021-02-14.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  27. Georg Rasch. 1960. Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Danmarks Pædagogiske Institut.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  28. Soumya Sarkar, Bhanu Prakash Reddy, Sandipan Sikdar, and Animesh Mukherjee. 2019. StRE: Self Attentive Edit Quality Prediction in Wikipedia. In Proceedings of ACL 2019. 3962–3972.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  29. George Tsebelis, Christian B Jensen, Anastassios Kalandrakis, and Amie Kreppel. 2001. Legislative procedures in the European Union: An empirical analysis. British Journal of Political Science 31, 4 (2001), 573–599.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarCross RefCross Ref
  30. European Union. 2021. European Data Portal. https://www.europeandataportal.eu/en Accessed: 2021-02-14.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  31. Ali Batuhan Yardım, Victor Kristof, Lucas Maystre, and Matthias Grossglauser. 2018. Can Who-Edits-What Predict Edit Survival?. In Proceedings of KDD’18. London, United Kingdom.Google ScholarGoogle ScholarDigital LibraryDigital Library
  32. Pengcheng Yin, Graham Neubig, Miltiadis Allamanis, Marc Brockschmidt, and Alexander L Gaunt. 2018. Learning to Represent Edits. In International Conference on Learning Representations.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
  33. Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, and Yann LeCun. 2015. Character-level convolutional networks for text classification. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 649–657.Google ScholarGoogle Scholar

Recommendations

Comments

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Sign in
  • Published in

    cover image ACM Conferences
    WWW '21: Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021
    April 2021
    4054 pages
    ISBN:9781450383127
    DOI:10.1145/3442381

    Copyright © 2021 ACM

    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    • Published: 3 June 2021

    Permissions

    Request permissions about this article.

    Request Permissions

    Check for updates

    Qualifiers

    • research-article
    • Research
    • Refereed limited

    Acceptance Rates

    Overall Acceptance Rate1,899of8,196submissions,23%
  • Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)40
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4

    Other Metrics

PDF Format

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format .

View HTML Format